China’s Economic Growth from a Triple Helix Perspective

Abstract

The Triple Helix concept is controversial in China, with considerable research questioning its success. Since the opening-up policy in 1978, China has invested in research and development in its public institutions and universities for technological discoveries and industrial innovations. This investment began to deliver a financial return in the 1990s (Liang, Chen, Wu, & Yuan, 2012). Soon after, China implemented collaboration between universities and the industrial sector (Guan, Yam, & Mok, 2005). China’s encouragement of these partnerships between research institutes and industries is significant. This collaboration is essential in building innovative systems and structures.